脾脏ARFI弹性联合血小板计数预测乙肝肝硬化食管静脉曲张的价值

目的 本研究应用声辐射力脉冲成像(Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse ARFI)技术对慢性乙型肝炎肝硬化患者进行脾脏弹性检测和分析,探讨和对比脾脏ARFI弹性及脾脏ARFI弹性联合血小板计数(Platelet Count PC)在预测乙肝肝硬化食道静脉曲张的临床应用价值。方法 对232例慢性乙型肝炎肝硬化患者应用ARFI技术检测脾脏实时超声弹性,并测量PC,所有患者均于检测前后一周内行胃镜检查明确食管静脉曲张情况,以胃镜结果为金标准,应用受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic, ROC)曲线比较脾脏ARFI弹性、PC、及脾ARFI弹性联合PC诊断肝硬化食管静脉曲张的临床价值。结果 食道静脉曲张组脾脏ARFI弹性和PC分别为3.52(3.16-3.87)m/s 和62(41-88.25),无食道静脉曲张组脾脏ARFI弹性和PC分别为2.91(2.35-3.35)m/s和129.5(87.25-196.25)。脾脏ARFI弹性和PC在两组间比较的差异均具有统计学意义(P＜0.001 )。单独脾脏ARFI弹性及脾脏ARFI弹性联合PC的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.76和0.83,差异具有统计学意义(P = 0.0021)。结论 脾脏ARFI弹性测值联合PC较单纯脾脏ARFI弹性能更准确的无创预测慢性乙型肝炎肝硬化食管静脉曲张的存在,具有良好的临床应用前景。     

The 2021 WHO Classification of Lung Tumors: Impact of Advances Since 2015

The 2021 WHO Classification of Thoracic Tumours was published earlier this year, with classification of lung tumors being one of the chapters. The principles remain those of using morphology first, supported by immunohistochemistry, and then molecular techniques. In 2015, there was particular emphasis on using immunohistochemistry to make classification more accurate. In 2021, there is greater emphasis throughout the book on advances in molecular pathology across all tumor types. Major features within this edition are (1) broader emphasis on genetic testing than in the 2015 WHO Classification; (2) a section entirely dedicated to the classification of small diagnostic samples; (3) continued recommendation to document percentages of histologic patterns in invasive nonmucinous adenocarcinomas, with utilization of these features to apply a formal grading system, and using only invasive size for T-factor size determination in part lepidic nonmucinous lung adenocarcinomas as recommended by the eighth edition TNM classification; (4) recognition of spread through airspaces as a histologic feature with prognostic significance; (5) moving lymphoepithelial carcinoma to squamous cell carcinomas; (6) update on evolving concepts in lung neuroendocrine neoplasm classification; (7) recognition of bronchiolar adenoma/ciliated muconodular papillary tumor as a new entity within the adenoma subgroup; (8) recognition of thoracic SMARCA4-deficient undifferentiated tumor; and (9) inclusion of essential and desirable diagnostic criteria for each tumor.     

Cáncer sincrónico de carcinosarcoma uterino y carcinoma seroso tubárico. A propósito de un caso y revisión de la bibliografía

We report a rare case of uterine carcinosarcoma involving a 74-year-old woman. The patient complained of posmenopausal bleeding. The disease was eventually diagnosed as simultaneous uterine carcinosarcoma and high-grade serous tubal carcinoma.Clinical examination found a cervical tumour and transvaginal ultrasound showed a heterogeneous intrauterine image. The histological result of both findings was carcinosarcoma.The computed tomography scan and magnetic resonance imaging reported similar findings for intrauterine and cervical tumour, with the same features as a possible myoma or mass with sarcomatous degeneration.Given the suspicion of a high-risk variant of endometrial adenocarcinoma, the primary management of carcinosarcoma is surgery. Complete surgical staging included total hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, omentectomy, pelvic and para-aortic lymph node dissection.The pathological findings revealed a uterine carcinosarcoma tumour, invading less than half the myometrium and the stromal connective tissue of the cervix but not extending beyond the uterus. The histopathological studies of bilateral adnexectomy and the peritoneal biopsy demonstrated the presence of high-grade serous tubal carcinoma. The lymph study was negative for malignancy.We concluded a synchronous diagnosis of uterine carcinosarcoma stage II and high-grade serous tubal carcinoma stage IIIB.A detailed literature search and management of this entity are discussed.     

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on hepatitis B virus vaccination and transmission among men who have sex with men: A mathematical modelling study

BackgroundDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, the number of hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccinations among men who have sex with men (MSM) has been considerably lower than before the pandemic. Moreover, less frequent HBV testing and a reduction in numbers of sex partners have been reported. We assessed the impact of these COVID-19-related changes on HBV transmission among MSM in the Netherlands.MethodsWe estimated the changes in sexual activity, HBV testing, and HBV vaccination among MSM during the pandemic from Dutch data. We used a deterministic compartmental model and investigated scenarios with small or large declines in sexual activity, testing, and vaccination for the current phase of the pandemic (without available data). We examined the increase in HBV vaccinations needed to prevent further increase in HBV incidence.ResultsWith a decrease in numbers of sex partners of 15–25% during the first lockdown and 5% during the second lockdown, we found a decline of 6.6% in HBV incidence in 2020, despite a >70% reduction in HBV testing and vaccination during the first lockdown. With numbers of sex partners rebounding close to pre-pandemic level in 2021, and a reduction of 15% in testing and 30% in vaccination in 2021, we found an increase of 1.4% in incidence in 2021 and 3.1% in 2026. With these changes, an increase of ≥60% in HBV vaccinations in 2022 would be needed to bring the HBV incidence in 2023 back to the level that it would have had if the COVID-19-related changes had not occurred.ConclusionsDespite reductions in sexual activity during the COVID-19 pandemic, the decrease in HBV vaccinations may result in a small increase in HBV incidence after 2021, which may persist for years. It is important to restore the vaccination level and limit further increase in HBV transmission among MSM.     

Recent progress in molecular mechanisms of postoperative recurrence and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatectomy is currently considered the most effective option for treating patients with early and intermediate hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Unfortunately, the postoperative prognosis of patients with HCC remains unsatisfactory, predominantly because of high postoperative metastasis and recurrence rates. Therefore, research on the molecular mechanisms of postoperative HCC metastasis and recurrence will help develop effective intervention measures to prevent or delay HCC metastasis and recurrence and to improve the long-term survival of HCC patients. Herein, we review the latest research progress on the molecular mechanisms underlying postoperative HCC metastasis and recurrence to lay a foundation for improving the understanding of HCC metastasis and recurrence and for developing more precise prevention and intervention strategies.     

Comment on “Outcomes of curative liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis”

The present letter to the editor is in response to the research “Outcomes of curative liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis” by Elshaarawy et al in World J Gastroenterol 2021; 13(5): 424–439. The preoperative assessment of the liver reserve function in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients with cirrhosis is crucial, and there is no universal consensus on how to assess it. Based on a retrospective study, Elshaarawy et al investigated the impact of various classical clinical indicators on liver failure and the prognosis after hepatectomy in HCC patients with cirrhosis. We recommend that we should strive to explore new appraisal indicators, such as the indocyanine green retention rate at 15 min.     

Transhiatal lower mediastinal lymph node dissection for esophagogastric junction carcinoma by interconnecting four body cavities

BackgroundDue to the limited number of landmark structures, it is difficult to standardize the surgical procedures for advanced esophagogastric junction cancer such as Ivor Lewis esophagectomy that require transhiatal lower mediastinal lymph node dissection (TH-LMND). We demonstrate an easily reproducible procedure for TH-LMND, wherein four body cavities, namely, the abdominal cavity, infracardiac bursa (ICB), and left and right thoracic cavities are interconnected.MethodsFirst, the dissection between the right crus and the esophagus was used to connect the abdominal cavity to the ICB — a lower mediastinal cavity separated from the omental bursa during embryonic development [1,2]. Second, the right thoracic cavity was opened with the shortest distance by dissecting the cranial side of the ICB. The right pulmonary ligament was dissected from the right lung. Third, the dissection to the contralateral side while exposing the aorta and the pericardium connected the left and right thoracic cavities. Then, the left pulmonary ligament was dissected from the left lung. The dissected tissues, including the lymph nodes, were subsequently peeled from the esophagus.ResultsBetween April 2018 and August 2021, 14 patients underwent laparoscopic or robotic TH-LMND via the procedure above. The median time required to complete the dissection was 75 min. None of the procedures were converted to open surgery, and none of the patients experienced intraoperative complications such as pericardial injury, lung injury, or massive bleeding.ConclusionThe surgical concept of interconnecting four body cavities made the procedure more accessible and reproducible while achieving en bloc TH-LMND.     

血清和尿液中外泌体miRNAs的表达水平对肾细胞癌的诊断价值

目的:研究血清和尿液中外泌体miRNAs的表达水平对肾细胞癌(RCC)的诊断价值。方法:选择本院2018年11月至2020年08月诊治的68例RCC患者（RCC组）进行前瞻性分析，并将RCC患者根据临床分期进行分组，以本院同期收治的60例肾脏良性病变患者作为对照组。检测患者血清和尿液中外泌体miRNAs相对表达量，分析血清和尿液中外泌体miRNAs在肾细胞癌中的诊断价值。结果:RCC组患者血清、尿液中miR-210、miR-21、miR-153、miR-1233和miR-221表达量均明显高于对照组，miR-34a表达量均明显低于对照组（P＜0.05）；血清中ROC曲线显示AUC最大的为miR-221，其诊断敏感度为79.40%，特异度为95.00%；尿液中最大的为miR-34a，其敏感度为85.30%，特异度为88.30%；不同临床分期RCC患者的血清miR-210、miR-153表达量以及尿液miR-153表达量无显著差异（P＞0.05），但血清和尿液中的miR-21、miR-34a、miR-1233、miR-221表达量以及尿液miR-210表达量在不同分期RCC患者中存在显著差异（P＜0.05）；血清中，miR-210、miR-153与临床分期无相关性（P＞0.05），miR-21、miR-1233、miR-221与临床分期呈正相关，miR-34a与临床分期呈负相关（P＜0.05）；尿液中，miR-210、miR-153与临床分期无相关性（P＞0.05），miR-21、miR-1233、miR-221与临床分期呈正相关，miR-34a与临床分期呈负相关（P＜0.05）。结论:RCC患者血清、尿液外泌体miR-210、miR-21、miR-34a、miR-153、miR-1233和miR-221表达量较良性肾脏病变患者存在显著差异，同时miR-21、miR-34a、miR-1233、miR-221表达量均与RCC患者病理分期存在显著相关性，可为疾病进展评估提供参考。